Retractions

The Editorial Board will consider the retraction of a publication if:

• There is clear evidence that the results and conclusions are unreliable (e.g., due to data fabrication) or resulting from unintentional error;
• The materials have been previously published elsewhere without proper cross-referencing or justification (redundant/multiple publication);
• The article contains plagiarism;
• The work is based on research that violates ethical standards;
• There is inappropriate authorship (e.g., a qualifying author has been omitted, or individuals who do not meet authorship criteria have been included);
• A conflict of interest was concealed (or other breaches of publication ethics occurred, including during the peer review process);
• The article was republished without the author's consent;
• The authors initiate the retraction themselves (e.g., due to a conflict of interest that was not disclosed during the initial submission).

If the Editorial Board decides to retract an article based on expert evaluation, the author team is notified by official letter. The corresponding author must be informed of the specific grounds for the retraction.

After a retraction decision is made, the article remains on the research collection’s website within its respective issue. However, the electronic version of the text is watermarked with the label ВІДКЛИКАНА / RETRACTED and the date of retraction. A similar notice is placed in the Table of Contents of the corresponding issue.