Application of experimental mutagenesis in plant breeding

Abstract

The aim and tasks of the study. The purpose of the review is to assess the depth of studies and to overview subjects that are insufficiently explored in this field.

Material and methods. Experiments on experimental mutagenesis of sunflower and amaranth were laid out in the experimental fields of the Plant Production Institute nd. a V. Ya. Yuriev and the Kharkiv National Agrarian University nd. a V.V. Dokuchaev in 2014.

The source material in the sunflower studies was 12 self-pollinated lines bred at the Plant Production Institute nd. a V.Ya. Yuriev of NAAS, which were pretreated with chemical supermutagen solution (at the concentrations of 0.01% and 0.05%) and 12 self-pollinated lines, gamma-irradiated (120 and 150 Gray). The aim was to study effects nitrosoethylurea (NEU), dimethyl sulfate (DMS) and gamma-rays as a function of solution concentration, dose and exposure. The control was seeds watered for 18 hours.

The source material in the amaranth (Amaranthus hypohondriacus) studies was three varieties – Sem, Kharkovskiyv 1 and Studencheskiy. In order to obtain economically valuable forms of amaranth, seeds were treated with physical mutagens (gamma irradiation). The source of radiation was Co⁶⁰; the doses were 10 Gy, 15 Gy and 30 Gy. In addition, seeds were irradiated with the high doses of 400 Gy and 700 Gy to determine the lethal dose for amaranth.

Results and discussion. The study will establish peculiarities of nitrosoethylurea (NEU), dimethyl sulfate (DMS) and gamma-ray action on sunflower seeds and plants, depending on solution concentration, mutagen dose and exposure. The final study results will be source forms of sunflower with new features and properties that are valuable for breeding as well as economically valuable forms of amaranth.

Conclusions. One method that enables obtaining source material, which would be diverse by many traits, in the short term is induced mutagenesis.

Experimental mutagenesis is used for various purposes: obtainment of macro- and micromutations of qualitative and quantitative traits for selection or for direct practical use, negotiation of incapacity for distant hybridization, influence on crossingover in hybrids, suppression of the self-incompatibility reaction in cross-pollinated plants, induction of polyploidy, etc. At present, the research is focused on raising the efficiency of induction of original and breeding-valuable mutants as well as on the creation of fundamentally new sources of high productivity, yield capacity and resistance to biological and abiotic factors.